During the past weeks, developments of global public interest somehow diverted attention away from the war in Gaza until the Israeli strikes on Al-Mawasi, an area in southern Gaza where tens of thousands of Palestinians had fled to after the Israeli military declared it safe for civilians. The attack targeted Mohammed Deif, a Hamas commander, but also left nearly a hundred dead and more than three hundred wounded.
All Hamas leaders are marked for death and “we will reach them all,” Prime Minister Netanyahu said. His trip to Washington this week, only three months before the US presidential election, will be his most critical visit to the US capital, now in a new episode of political turmoil with President Biden’s belated withdrawal from the presidential race.
Looking at the war in Gaza since the October 7 Hamas onslaught, one cannot help but ask if anything has changed. For the last nine months, all one heard was endless visits to the Middle East by senior US officials, the imperative for increased humanitarian aid, rough seas impacting the operation of the troubled Gaza pier, the reluctance of aid groups to distribute food because of their workers’ safety, the looting of aid, and talks between the US, Egypt, Qatar, and Israel about a hostage-prisoner exchange and ceasefire moving forward or failing.
Again, during his press conference on July 11, President Biden said, “There are still gaps to close, but we’re making progress, the trend is positive, and I’m determined to get this deal done and bring an end to this war, which should end now.” Yes, it should end now because the broadening of the war to Lebanon and Yemen would put the West on the spot, get it more involved in the conflict, and thus mark the end of its more balanced public discourse.
Thus, reaching an agreement on a hostage-prisoner exchange and ceasefire remains the number one challenge, or perhaps a distraction. However, there is a lot more.
On June 18, 2024, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) published a most alarming report titled, “Environmental impact of the conflict in Gaza, Preliminary assessment of environmental impacts”.[i]
The preliminary assessment finds:
“Approximately 62 percent of all homes in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed, equivalent to 290,820 housing units. Transport sector damages amount to around US$358 million, affecting 62 percent of roads, including 92 percent of primary roads, and a significant proportion of vehicles (WB, EU, and UN 2024)
“An estimated 39 million tons of debris have been generated by the conflict – for each square meter in the Gaza Strip, there is now over 107 kg of debris. This is more than five times the quantity of debris generated from the 2017 conflict in Mosul, Iraq. Debris poses risks to human health and the environment, from dust and contamination with unexploded ordnance, asbestos, industrial and medical waste, and other hazardous substances. Human remains buried beneath the debris must be dealt with sensitively and appropriately. Clearing the debris will be a massive and complex task, which needs to start as soon as possible to enable other types of recovery and reconstruction to proceed.
“Preliminary scenarios on the cost of managing the estimated 39 million tons of debris range from around US$647-513million; depending on whether a disposal or recycling option for the debris is pursued. Clearing the debris from key infrastructure services and road networks is estimated to require around five years, and removal and disposal of all the debris may take up to 15 years assuming availability of a reasonable level of heavy equipment. Furthermore, it is estimated that 490 hectares of land would be needed to dispose of the debris: this would be a major challenge given the shortage of available land in Gaza.
“The water, sanitation, and hygiene systems are almost entirely defunct. Gaza’s five wastewater treatment plants have shut down, with sewage contaminating beaches, coastal waters, soil, and freshwater with a host of pathogens, nutrients, microplastics, and hazardous chemicals. This poses immediate and long-term threats to the health of Gazans, marine life, and arable lands.
“The solid waste management system is severely damaged. Five out of six solid waste management facilities in Gaza are damaged. By November 2023, 1,200 tons of rubbish were accumulating daily around camps and shelters. A shortage of cooking gas has forced families to burn wood, plastic, and waste instead, endangering women and children in particular. This, coupled with fires and burning fuels, is likely to have sharply lowered Gaza’s air quality, though no open-source air quality data is available for Gaza.
“Munitions containing heavy metals and explosive chemicals have been deployed in Gaza’s densely populated areas, contaminating soil and water sources, and posing a risk to human health which will persist long after the cessation of hostilities. Unexploded ordnance poses especially serious risks to children.
“Destruction of solar panels is expected to leak lead and other heavy metals, causing a new kind of risk to Gaza’s soil and water.
“Hamas’ tunnels system and Israel’s efforts to destroy them may further contribute to environmental damage. Depending on the construction standards of the tunnels and the extent to which water is being pumped into them, the preliminary assessment warns of long-term risks to human health from groundwater contamination and to buildings constructed on potentially unstable land surfaces.”
The war in Gaza has forced the Biden administration to underline its support for the “two-state solution”. Mr. Trump, if he were to return to the White House, would at the most revive the “deal of the century”, officially called “Peace to Prosperity” which is far from meeting Palestinians’ expectations.[ii] Some of Washington’s European allies also appear to increasingly support the two-state solution. However, they all know this is not in the cards, at least not yet.
Mr. Netanyahu has made it clear all along that he will not accept the two-state solution. Notably, last Thursday, the Knesset voted overwhelmingly — 68 to 9 — for a resolution that rejects the establishment of a Palestinian state, even as part of a negotiated settlement with Israel.
In 1977, Israel’s Labor Party lost the election to the Likud, for the first time since the country was founded. The Likud’s election manifesto at the time made it clear that “the right of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel is eternal and is an integral part of its right to security and peace. Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) shall therefore not be relinquished to foreign rule; between the sea and the Jordan, there will be Jewish sovereignty alone.”[iii]
Interestingly, the day after the Knesset resolution, the International Court of Justice, published an advisory opinion saying that Israel should end its occupation of Palestinian territory, evacuate existing settlements, stop building new ones, and pay reparations to Palestinians who have lost land and property.[iv]
The recent Knesset resolution no doubt reflects the view of the majority of Israelis. Yes, the same majority also wants a hostage-prisoner exchange, but they also share Mr. Netanyahu’s determination to totally eliminate Hamas.
As for the Palestinian side, although the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by nearly as many countries (149) as Israel (165), the Palestinian Authority still has a long way to go to become a valid international interlocutor fully supported by all Palestinians.
In the meantime, Gaza is being turned into inhabitable land, and West Bank settlements are being expanded. Recently, the surge in Jewish settler violence against Palestinians in the West Bank raised the ire of some countries, and the European Union sanctioned five Israeli settlers, two outposts, and an extremist group that was “responsible for serious and systematic human rights abuses against Palestinians in the West Bank. The West Bank is almost within the land borders of Israel except for the frontier with Jordan, but Gaza is a narrow strip with access to the Mediterranean, between Egypt and Israel. Thus, it is more of a security challenge for Israel.
As IDF’s operations in Gaza come to an eventual end, the Strip, as clearly revealed by the UNEP Preliminary assessment, will be inhabitable land. Its cleaning and rebuilding will take billions and billions of dollars and years. Thus, the urgency of finding temporary safe homes for Gazans will urge Israel and Washington to find a “humanitarian solution” to the problem. And that solution might be “temporary homes elsewhere”, be it in Egypt or some other Middle East country. And, needless to add, such initiatives would come together with generous promises of financial, logistical, and humanitarian support not only for the Gazans but also for their prospective hosts.
As I said in an earlier post, one would not be surprised if Ankara, the most ardent supporter of the Palestinian cause, were to be approached to give Gazans “temporary shelter” in Türkiye with promises of generous financial support for their stay, as well as incentives such as a role in the rebuilding of Gaza, even the possibility of becoming a guarantor of peace that could be presented to the Turkish public opinion as a victory of the governing AKP.
In such an eventuality, the Turkish government should bear in mind that,
• as we have come to learn bitterly, there is no such thing as a “temporary stay”, whoever comes stays for good;
• the removal of Gazans from the Strip under any pretext will mark the end of whatever is left of the “Palestinian cause”. Judging by Ankara’s current public discourse, this would be tantamount to betrayal; and,
• with the government’s disastrous involvement in the regime change project in Syria and its open-door policy to refugees from all directions, Türkiye is now among the top countries of the world with the largest number of refugees, with “officially” more than three million Syrians, probably nearly a million Afghans, not to mention the others. Türkiye is no longer in a position to open its doors to anyone.