Perspective on the Culture Wars
Tanıl Bora, arguably Turkey’s preeminent historian of political ideas, has been speaking on the idea of “kulturkampf” lately, and as usual, made excellent points. I’d say his most important insight is that popular assumptions on the topic have been too narrow. The idea in Turkish political discourse has been that the Islamists have established political hegemony, but they haven’t been able to extend that into the realm of culture. I’ve touched on this idea in previous posts. The Islamists have long worried that in the high arts, education and popular culture, they are behind. They tend to see the left and liberal (read “globalist”) forces as having undue dominance in those fields, and are putting a lot of resources in fighting them. The left, meanwhile, sometimes prides itself on its relative advancement in this field.
Bora pops that that bubble in this recent column:
let's not forget that culture does not consist of opera-ballet-theatre-cinema-art-literature, nor does it consist of identity issues labeled as “cultural Marxism.” Even without relying on Bourdieu, we know that culture is about Habitus. Culture is habitus; in other words, it is established molds of thinking and perception, styles of behavior and action that have become operational spontaneously, without deliberate thought. It is an established way of life that is not limited to the secular-conservative distinction, but crosses both horizontally. It is “environments.” They are the prevailing tastes.
When we look at the habitus aspect of culture, there is no need for those in power [iktidar*] to complain that “we could not become the ruling power [ikitdar] in the cultural field.” Don't the cultural “codes” that have established their dominance in the protocol of daily life and “transactions” in the public sphere reproduce the cultural hegemony of the political power?
So “cultural hegemony” is not just about Hollywood or religious education in schools. Think of gangster culture, entrepreneurship, constant cost-benefit calculations, anti-intellectualism. These are whole areas of life where neo-nationalism and neoliberalism have quietly met and fused together. Looked at this way, the culture wars are a lot more complicated.
*For an explanation of the word iktidar, see here.
Hakan Fidan’s Ahaber interview
I recently got around to sit down and watch Hakan Fidan’s hour-long interview on Ahaber, a regime-friendly 24-hour news channel. Fidan was Turkey’s intelligence chief 2010-2023, and has recently become foreign minister.
The interview was pretty broad, including NATO, the F-16s, F-35s, S-400s, relations with Damascus, the Gaza war, relations with Egypt, the Balkans, and finally the EU. Fidan provided a pretty dry rendering of the Erdoğan palace’s talking points on all these issues. I’m not going to get into the specifics, but feel free to write in the comments below if you’re interested in any one part.
What I’m interested here is Fidan’s overall performance. I’ve found that American Turkey-watchers especially like to think of Fidan as a major political figure and possible successor to Erdoğan. Amberin Zaman also asked me about this in her excellent podcast some time ago. I didn’t Fidan is a major political figure and certainly no Erdoğan successor, but have since been turning the question over in my head ever since that podcast. I’ve been wrong before. Perhaps I was short-changing Fidan.
This interview only deepened my conviction that Fidan could not be a political leader. Fidan wasn’t just dry and technical, he also wasn’t charismatic. At all. He kept stumbling over his words. He was scowling at the camera throughout the whole thing. He looked like a hostile, but well-prepared schoolboy taking a verbal exam. He didn’t lean back and spread himself out, he never said anything that wasn’t part of some talking point, and he certainly never cracked a joke or throw in an anecdote.
Who was this man? Did he actually care about any of the things he was talking about? (Did he even care about the president?) The viewer couldn’t tell.
Somebody help this man.
Part of that is probably because Fidan is not used to being in the spotlight. I’m sure he’ll get better at it, but still, I now know that he’s not a natural politician. I can’t picture Fidan with a microphone in his hand, addressing tens of thousands of people. I also can’t picture him reading a speech that slams his political opponents, or inspires his followers to take some economic pain for the greater good of the nation. People like Fidan, Akar, Sinirlioğlu, and even Kalın to some extent, serve as interfaces between Western powers and the Erdoğan palace. They are not figures with standing independent of the palace. That’s precisely why they are where they are.
It says a lot about American observers that they keep focusing on these figures though.
Kızıl Goncalar - Red (rose)buds
This is a TV show about a doctor’s encounter with a fictional “jamaat” order. The doctor represents Kemalist Turkey and the religious order is the newly resurgent religious element. Islamists got upset after the first couple of episodes, and RTÜK stepped in, concluding that the show had “misrepresented” religious orders, and took the show off the air for a few weeks. When it came back, the show seemed to go a little easier on Islamism.
We kind of tune into it at home when cooking, or on especially slow afternoons. It’s not a very good show. The plot doesn’t make sense and the dialogue is awful. The acting is OK though.
The early episodes included a scene where a student at a women’s Quran course gets up to see a handsome young Jamaat member, and her teacher slaps her down for it. I’ve heard that violence like that is fairly common in these settings, but RTÜK didn’t like it.
One reason I like watching it is that it allows me to imagine how the writers are trying to get the political balance right. The central plot is about a teenage girl who is supposed to be married off to an esoteric young man who ranks very high in the religious order. In the first couple of episodes, her mother was trying to help her out of the marriage, while her father seemed like a villain of sorts. After RTÜK stepped in, I suspect they rewrote the script to soften the father. He’s still mean, but he’s no longer violent and is much kinder to his daughter. I actually think that makes him a more interesting character.
What happens if Israel is found guilty of genocide?
Turkey watchers will know Suzy Hansen from her excellent book Notes From a Foreign Country. That was already a Turkey book that’s not a Turkey book. Hansen’s subject ended up being the United States through the looking glass of the Islamic world (or at least part of it).
In this piece for New York Magazine, Hansen writes about the Gaza war as a missed opportunity for the US to get over its exceptionalism:
The aftermath of World War II gave the U.S. the moral high ground, a crucial element of what would become that infuriatingly important thing: American exceptionalism. It also allowed Americans to believe that an act of total annihilation was justified to bring peace, a concept so ingrained in our destructive yet moralizing foreign policy that you can see its deathly spirit everywhere — from Vietnam to Iraq to Afghanistan.
Hansen writes that the US set up the infrastructure of international law after the war, but never really subjected itself to the rules. 9/11 and the subsequent “War on Terror” marked a “great untethering of the US from the rule of law,” and it hasn’t gone back to normal since. The US embarked on disastrous wars with relatively little consequence to its international standing.
The idea that the US doesn’t hold itself to the rules it has created in the international sphere shouldn’t be news in itself (though substantiated nicely here). What I like about Hansen’s piece is that she suggests that the American establishment could have learned from the disastrous War on Terror and recalibrated, but hasn’t. (Or perhaps it has learned but can’t muster the will to act on the learning.) The US conduct during the Gaza war has shown that Washington is only getting deeper into the fiction that it can outrun the world:
If the ICJ ultimately finds that Israel has committed genocide with the help of the U.S., it will likely be dismissed by the American government and held up as evidence of the bias or irrelevance of the U.N. In reality, it may mark the moment when the U.S. could have broken the hold that exceptionalism continues to exert over its posture toward the rest of humanity. The crisis of American foreign policy goes deeper than Gaza; the crisis is in the mentality that allowed the first three cataclysmic months of the Gaza war to occur in the first place. Despite all we know about the Iraq War and the War on Terror, despite the fact that we live with the repercussions every day, foreign policy remains a fuzzy, distant concern. For much of the rest of the world, in contrast, South Africa’s case has been an intervention and an inspiration, a confirmation of their longtime understanding of reality. They are asking Americans to see their foreign policy as non-Americans do: the thing about America that matters the most.