Dawn in Syria
The world is still trying to come to terms with the fall of Assad. For most Syrians, it’s a joyous moment. Omar Kadkoy, a Syrian-Turkish researcher and dear friend of mine, has written up a personal account of what it was like watching the regime fall from Istanbul.
My takeaway from the essay was that this was a moment of closure for Syrians. For 13 years, they’ve been living through the sheer hell of civil war, and it is now over. Yes, there’s still some fighting going on, and yes, it’s obviously not a good outcome for all Syrians, but nonetheless, the war is winding down. Even for those who won’t be going home, at least they’ll know that they can.
I’m pretty pessimistic about the future in general, but maybe this particular outcome is better than the alternatives. Assad’s regime was unspeakably brutal. The footage coming out of prisons alone has been mind-bending. We’re all better off without it in the world. The Syrian people can, and will surely do better.
With all that said, it’s important to temper one’s expectations for the country. I was a fresh college graduate in 2011, when the Arab Spring started, and remember the euphoria in the press. Let’s avoid that sugar high. In times like these, a lot of different things happen at the same time. Some of it is going to be for the better, some for the worse.
Turkey as the indispensable partner to the new Syria
There’s been a lot of talk about Turkey’s role in all this. The line in most authoritative commentary is that Turkey doesn’t have direct control over HTS, and that it isn’t to be thought of as the force behind the rebel success. Some suggest that Turkey may even be surprised at the outcome, and is now trying to ride the dragon.
I’m a bit struck by how confident people are in making this assertion. It’s by their nature very difficult to tell about these things. This is a civil war that’s been going on for over a decade, with various armies and intelligence organizations fighting shadow wars behind the scenes. We can’t know what goes on deep in the decision making mechanisms of these organizations.
Looking at the Syrian opposition very broadly though, it’s pretty clear that Turkey is indispensable in terms of logistics, economic and military supplies, training, and intelligence. This latest offensive appears to have been perfectly timed to take advantage of Israel’s strikes against the “Axis of Resistance”, Russia’s stretched resources, and probably other factors on the ground. So maybe the rebels had help from a state that has a sophisticated global network to assess these things.
It’s also very clear that Turkey is going to continue being indispensable in 1) restoring Syria’s territorial integrity, especially as this means knocking over Rojava, 2) granting whatever government emerges in Damascus diplomatic cover, 3) literally rebuilding the country.
For students of Turkish politics, the AK Party’s imprint on HTS’s leader, Abu Mohammad Al-Golani, should also be evident. The core lesson of the AK Party, after all, is to hide one’s Islamism under a bushel, to take things slowly. The world is a dangerous place for Islamists, and it’s a very delicate thing for them to reach positions of power. When he first become Prime Minister, Erdoğan knew that he had to ameliorate the fears of the secular elite at home and Western powers aborad. Step by step, the AK Party’s leaders “moderated”, getting the Europeans, the Americans, and Turkish liberals on their side. It doesn’t take much to do this, mind you. Liberals are naturally inclined to believe that people can be tamed with “carrots and sticks”, and always on the lookout for people they can do business with. Erdoğan knew how to use that to his advantage, and is only gradually asserting his will more strongly.
That’s the real Turkish model. Gradualism. Arab Islamists haven’t historically adopted that approach. I’m reminded of the Muslim Brotherhood government of Muhammed Mursi in 2012-2013. They had overthrown Hosni Mubarak, got elected, and set were pretty open about their Islamist agenda. Turkish leaders flew to Cairo to tell their counterparts to mellow down, but they didn’t, and that’s arguably why they suffered a coup and were deposed. At least it made it easier.
Golani appears a consummate student of this model. He has come a long way from ISIS underboss to wise rebel commander, maintaining Syria’s governing structure and calling on his movement to be magnanimous in victory. I’m sure that there are some concrete goals that they have, such as HTS being taken off of terror lists, sanctions being lifted on Syria, etc. I’m also sure that Turkey is going to be pushing hard for all these goals, and Israel is going to push the other way.
And it really looks like that’s going to be the future of this region. The Shia crescent is going to be broken, and there’ll be a Sunni power block with Turkey at its core. If a united Syria under an Islamist leadership does come about in the months and years ahead, it will probably look a little bit like Turkey. In time, this will probably put pressure on the Hashemite dynasty in Jordan. This has long been the vision of the future that’s animating Turkey’s elites, and it is what I now see unfolding in their discussions. I don’t think that’s a future that the Israelis thought very seriously about. Now that it’s coming into focus, they don’t like it, as is evident by their bombing campaign across Syria. I think they had it coming though. Israel’s behavior was always going to have serious consequences.
Kalın
Here is former Turkish think tanker, and present day intelligence chief, İbrahim Kalın, visiting the Umayyad Mosque on Thursday. I think he wanted to have a private moment in there before all of Ankara, starting with the president himself, comes through town and performs thanksgiving prayers in there.
Fidan
Here’s foreign minister Hakan Fidan doing a 15-minute interview with NTV. There’s a few substantial things he said about how they orchestrated the rebels’ bloodless takeover of Damascus, how it’s Turkey’s “strategic objective” to finish the YPG, the Western use of the YPG as guardians of ISIS remnants, and Turkey’s long-term commitment to the HTS.
None of that was unexpected. There were some interesting details here and there, but that’s it. As usual, I thought it was worth watching Fidan’s demeanor. He has been beaming with energy and enthusiasm since the 8th. Almost everyone on pro-government TV has been smiling for a solid week, but Fidan’s excitement is on another level I think. He was eager not to let that come out too much, measured his words carefully, and made long pauses before saying certain things.
I think he was especially careful when asked about Israel’s bombing campaign:
Israel is trying to apply one of the basic principles of military strategy here. It has developed a package of preventive measures taking as its base case the worst possible scenario. Israel has known about the capabilities of the Assad regime for years. Since Israel is not sure where the new [HTS-dominated] administration stands, it has developed a strategy to destroy these capabilities as much as it can amidst this confusion. I think this strategy is a very dangerous strategy, this strategy can lead to a very big provocation. Everything may not be so rosy. That's why we sent a message to them [saying] stop the provocations, stop bombing the places under the control of the Syrian government.
The analysis of Israel’s actions here sounds right. Israel had to think about who its new neighbors were going to be, and chose to assume the worst and prepare. Perhaps that’s the best thing to do given how they’ve been behaving in the past. But how long can they maintain that? I think that’s the danger that Fidan is highlighting here. Israel has to find some kind of off ramp, especially now that it seems to have broken the backbone of the Shia crescent.
The mood among Turkey’s opposition
The main opposition is in a sorry state. CHP leader Özgür Özel was saying, as late as the day before the regime fell, that Erdoğan should meet with Assad. That’s how geopolitically illiterate these people are.
Watching opposition TV is pretty cringe on most days, but it has been unbearable these past couple of weeks. Commentators throw around wild theories, mostly about how Israel or the CIA are behind Syria’s rebels. They also keep asking passive-aggressive questions about whether the Syrian refugees are going to go back (the answer is often no, because they’re cowards who fled the war instead of fighting for their country.)
The bitterness feels a lot like the days after an election defeat, and for good reason. If you’re in the opposition, you’ve probably been there for the past 20-odd years, and it’s exhausting. You’re trapped in this complicated emotional space where you want the government to fail, but you also want your country to do well, and the more time passes by, the harder it is to make that distinction. One thing that’s very clear to you though, is that you don’t want the government to get a big win, and every time they do, you feel a bit diminished. A bit smaller.
With something like the fall of Assad, there’s a lot of conflicting emotions. This is a war that Turkey entered in 2011, and for a long time, the opposition saw it as a major defeat for the government. Now, 13 years later, the government has achieved what it always wanted, which is to birth a friendly regime (if not a client state) across the border. This is a big, big win for Erdoğan’s vision for Turkey. Perhaps the biggest to date. Erdoğan has made Turkey into an even more serious geopolitical force, independent of Turkey’s membership in NATO or its standing in other multilateral institutions. Opposition elites can feel that as they watch international news channels. I think that’s been hard to process.
The best source I’ve read/listened to over the past week has unsurprisingly been Bahadır Özgür’s commentary on the Duvar podcast.
He does a pretty good job of going through some of the issues in the air. I think one important thing — and I’m sure that English-language observers like Gönül Tol and Nate Schenkkan would agree — is Turkey’s involvement in the Syrian Civil War was fundamental to the demise of Republican Turkey and the creation of Erdoğan’s new regime. I have written on this in my forthcoming book as well. The Erdoğan presidency really defined itself in the 2020s to the drumbeat of that war in the background.
Özgür is also good at weighing some of the ideas about refugees. He argues that the government likes to keep the number of refugees in Turkey at around 3 million (the ceiling for EU compensation), but that independent studies (including those of Istanbul municipality) have estimated the true number to be around 8-11 million. This sounds right to me, as well as experts I’ve talked to. There’s a substantial Syrian presence int he big cities.
Özgür is also skeptical that the Syrians in Turkey will be in a hurry to go back, or that their total number will actually diminish anytime soon. That is also my impression. He suggests that Syrians in Turkey aren’t really involved in the heavy industrial jobs, but that there is appetite for this to happen. 2025 will be a definitive year for minimum wage negotiations and the fate of low-income households, so that kind of leverage is something that industry bosses are going to want.
To me, the rise of an Islamist government in Damascus will simply mean that in the coming generations, there will be economic, demographic and cultural integration between Anatolia and Syria. How Turkey’s elite will organize this is not clear yet, but that is most definitely what they have in mind.
I come away from all this with mixed emotions. I’m happy for Syrians because they finally got rid of Assad. Even a much harder version of an AK Party-type government/regime in Damascus would be better for them than Assad ever was.
But has all this been good for Turkey? If we could go back 15-20 years, and think about alternative outcomes, could we have been a kind of big, Muslim Poland, calm, successful, well-integrated with Europe, and a bit boring? I don’t know. What’s certain is that Turkey’s involvement in Syria’s Civil War has made it into a different beast all together. A geopolitical force to be reckoned with, but not a very pleasant place to live for the many.